#Coursenotes organic chemistry how to
#Coursenotes organic chemistry series

Hydrocarbon radical, the chain growth is mirror-like: in the place where the This reaction involves the interaction of a haloalkane with This synthesis consists of the fusion of a salt of a carboxylic acid with an alkali, and alkane is formed as a result. In the laboratory, alkanes are prepared in the following In industry, alkanes are obtained by: Cracking oil Alkanes are obtained from oil by cracking. The composition of the oil includes alkanes with long carbon chains, for example C 8H 18, C 12H 26. The oil composition cannotīe expressed in one formula, it is variable and depends on the field.

The valence angle (between chemical bonds) is 109☂8′Īlkanes are part of natural gas: methane 80-97%, ethaneĠ.5-4%, propane 0.2-1.5%, butane 0.1-1%, pentane 0-1%.

Type of hybridization of carbon atoms – sp3.

Alkane molecules contain single sigma bonds (σ bonds), the length of which is 0.154 nm.

Some data regarding alkanes must be learned: So, pentane C 5H 12 has 3 structural isomers. For alkanes, only the carbon skeleton isomerism is possible. In alkane molecules, there are no functional groups, multiple bonds. You study the classes of organic substances, you will learn about all of these Position of a functional group or bond) and spatial (geometric, optical). Isomerism is structural (interclass, carbon skeleton, the Isomers (Greek isomeros – made up of equal parts) are substances that have one molecular formula but differ in structure (structural isomerism) or in the arrangement of atoms in space (spatial isomerism). There are primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary carbon Hydrocarbon chain, depending on how many other carbon atoms the given atom isĬonnected to. Several types of carbon atoms are distinguished in a With the same number of carbon atoms as in the main chainĬarefully study the names compiled for various substances The name is based on the name of a saturated hydrocarbon If there are several identical radicals in a molecule, then the numbers indicate the presence of each of them in the main chain and particles of di-, tri-, tetra-, etc. In the beginning, the name lists radicals and other substituents indicating the numbers of carbon atoms with which they are associated. The atoms of the selected chain are numbered starting from the end to which the branching (radical) is closer. In the structural formula of a substance, it is necessary toĬhoose the longest (albeit curved in the figure!) Chain of carbon atoms So, the algorithm for compiling the names is as follows: If you know them, you can skip this point, however, I must introduce the reader to them.

The names of alkanes are formed according to several rules.

#Coursenotes organic chemistry series

Is, they form one homological series (Greek homólogos – corresponding).

The alkanes listed above are homologous to each other, that Substances are similar in structure and properties but differing in one or more groups of CH 2. “an”: methane, ethane, propane, butane, etc. Alkane names are formed by adding the suffix – a set of names of individual chemicals, as well as the rules for theĬompilation of these names. The general formula for their homologous series is C nH 2n+2. Relate to aliphatic hydrocarbons, as they do not contain aromatic bonds.Īlkanes are saturated compounds – contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms.

The properties of a substance depend on the quantitative and qualitative composition, as well as on the chemical structure of the molecule.Īlkanes (paraffin) are saturated hydrocarbons having a linear or branched structure, containing only simple bonds.

Atoms or groups of atoms mutually influence each other directly or through other atoms.

Knowing the properties of substances, one can establish their chemical structure, and vice versa, knowing the structure of a substance, one can draw a conclusion about its properties.

The bond order of atoms reflects the chemical structure.

Atoms in a molecule are connected in a certain sequence, in accordance with their valency.

In this regard, of particular interest is the theory of chemical structure, which was created by A.M.

#Coursenotes organic chemistry how to

Organic Chemistry: It is completely optional to know by heart, to cram the properties of organic substances.Īs you study, you will understand that the properties of a substance are determined by its structure and learn how to easily predict the class of reactions.